[7][4] He was likely a court historian or equivalent. And he called his servants, which were honorable, which had been brought up with him from his youth, and he divided to them his kingdom, while he was yet alive. Judas, nicknamed Maccabeus, probably meaning "hammer," continues his military exploits and also seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic to remove the Greeks. And the kingdom was well ordered in the sight of Antiochus, and he thought to reign over Egypt, that he might reign over the two kingdoms. However, this original Hebrew has been lost, and the work only survives in translation in Koine Greek contained in the Septuagint, the Greek version of the Jewish scriptures. The book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and his family, who are living as exiles from Israel after the Assyrian conquest. [44] Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed. In the middle of the week he will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. 2023 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Friend and confederate. The Writer gives his final summary. Origen (cited by Eusebius Eccl Hist vi. The rededication of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 (see 2Mc 10:18) is the origin of the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. In this connection it gives a very moving account of the martyrdom of seven brothers, whose names are unknown but who are popularly called the Maccabees (2 Mac 7:1 ff). Antiochus was determined to impose hellenic religion and civilization in Palestine as elsewhere, and naturally this was anathema to the Jews, who at this time were quite faithful to the Covenant with Yahweh. After the episode of Heliodorus (3:1-40), the writer lays great emphasis on the inviolate sanctity of the Temple and implies that Antiochus suffers the terrible death he does suffer because of his profanation of it. The vigorous reaction to this attempt established for a time the religious and political independence of the Jews. The Book: 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which was written by a Jewish (pre-Christian) author, probably about 100 BC, after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom. The people, in turn, must worship the Lord alone and observe exactly the precepts of the law given to them. Although 1 Maccabees was originally written in Hebrew (some you can tell from the sentence structure) it exists now only in Greek. Jerome likewise claims "the first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style" (per Prologus Galeatus). perhaps even Sadducean, tendency interpenetrates the entire work" (Fischer, 4:441) and the "author of 1 Maccabees identifies unreservedly with the rebels and their leaders." (Efron, 47; Sievers, 2). That is, his heart became proud and arrogant (NAB translation). He interprets the Maccabean victory not as a miraculous intervention by God, but rather as God's using the instrument of the military genius of the Maccabees to achieve his divine ends. They are Jewish people who do not observe the Law. (Jason of Cyrene was a Hellenized Jew who wrote a five-volume history on the times of the Maccabees. That is, they covered over their circumcision. Maccabees , (fl. As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from . [22], The narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. VERSE 8. VERSE 38. On his journey, the son Tobias meets Sarah, who is afflicted by a demon. VERSE 59. Given its exactness of dates, places and documents and its enthusiasm for the Jewish cause, 1 Maccabees must have been written by a Palestinian Jew who witnessed the events he describes; the author of 2 Maccabees was more likely an Alexandrian Jew and a Pharisee, given what he has to say about resurrection. Their faith in the resurrection, which they explicitly assert (v. 11), gives them the courage to undergo terrible sufferings to keep the holy Law of God, sufferings in which they are also supported by their mothers faith. 20 And now we have . Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. 2 Maccabees recaps some of the story (until the events of 161 bc) and adds in details about Gods intervention into the events reports. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. It also uses anachronistic terms at times to make explicit parallels between the exploits of the Hasmoneans and earlier Jewish heroes; for example, it refers to the coastal region of Palestine as the land of the Philistines, despite the Philistines no longer being a relevant cultural grouping in the era. Chapter 2. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) His son, Ptolemy III Euergetes, extended his empire into Persia. VERSE 31. Many observant Jews flee from the capital, but others readily accept Antiochus' policies. The history of the Maccabee family given in these books ends with the death of Simon and the succession of his son, John Hyrcanus. Unlike the Second Book of Maccabees, there is no doctrine of individual immortality except in the survival of ones name and fame, nor does the book express any messianic expectation, though messianic images are applied historically to the days of Simon (1Mc 14:417). 1 Maccabees describes the response of one family to these events. That is, about 176 BC. And there came great mourning upon Israel, in every place where they were; the beauty of the women was changed. And they got possession of the strong cities in the land of Egypt; and he took the spoils of Egypt. It frequently imitates biblical phraseology and directly cites biblical precedents. 3 So he advanced to the ends of the earth . And they shed innocent blood on every side of the sanctuary, and defiled the sanctuary. [50] He also cites the fact that it makes various "admissions against interest" such as openly describing rebel military defeats, unlike 2 Maccabees which obscures or omits such matters. The Greeks recognize him as high priest, but like Judas, he finds himself caught between competing Greek kings who are engaged in their own civil war for control of the Seleucid Empire. Why do you think the story of the Maccabees remains so important for Jews even today? 16:2 And Simon called his two eldest sons, Judas and John, and said to them: I and my brethren, and my father's house, have fought against the enemies of Israel from our youth even to this day: and things have prospered so well in our hands that we have delivered . The book of 1 Maccabees clearly favors the revolution against the Seleucid and the Hasmonean dynasty. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It runs from the end of the reign of Seleucus IV, the predecessor of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, up to the defeat of Nicanor, shortly before the death of Judas Maccabeusthat is, a period of fifteen years (176-161), which are covered in chapters 1-7 of the first book. VERSE 33. 13-16). However, 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought out or welcomed the introduction of Greek culture. [14][15] Various reconstructions have been proposed: Gustaf Dalman, meanwhile, suggests that the title is a corruption of the Aramaic "The Book of the House of the Hasmoneans". Pre-modern translations of the work were made in Latin, Syriac, and Armenian. After Jesus redeemed mankind by dying on the cross, the just of the Old Testament were enabled to enter heaven, and thus the ancient people of God became the new Israel, which is the Church. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. Elephants were an important part of the army of Antiochus. 4:59). VERSE 29. 2 He undertook many campaigns, gained possession of many fortresses, and put the local kings to death. [62], The book was never included in the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh and is not canonical in Judaism. And they put there a sinful nation, transgressors of the law, and they strengthened themselves therein. In 285 he abdicated in favor of his son Ptolemy II, who became involved in a struggle with the Seleucid kings. The Second Book of the Maccabees. These translations have no copyright restrictions. INTRODUCING MATTATHIAS. VERSE 35. It became part of the deuterocanon in early Christianity. The author is unknown. He either used or reconstructed primary sources such as letters, poetic accounts, and possibly court histories. The later Jewish historian Josephus most likely used some form of this text in writing his account of the Maccabean revolt. (He had previously become king of Greece.) All this shows that these inspired books are well worth prayerful reading, particularly the second, which provides us with many edifying examples especially the humility which leads its protagonists to trust in God, their fortitude in defending their faith, their patience in dealing with obstacles to observance of the Law, and their deep piety, as shown in their prayer for their dead comrades. Reading time: Around 4 hours for both books or 2 hours for one. Every bridegroom took up lamentation, she that sat in the marriage chamber was in heaviness. The author exhibits a personal interest in the events, but presents them as accurately as possible given his own commitment to the Maccabean dynasty as instituted by God. It is accepted in the Catholic and Orthodox canons. Ancient manuscripts of the text include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as several scrolls. In the town of Modein, the priest Mattathias finds the situation intolerable. He imposes a tax and establishes a fortress for his soldiers in Jerusalem. Greece. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. And after two full years the king sent a chief collector of tribute to the cities of Judah, and he came to Jerusalem with a great multitude. This history includes battles with Antiochus IV and his son. The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). The author propagates "Hasmonean propaganda" in the sense of upholding the righteousness of the Hasmoneans and their just claim to rule the Hasmonean kingdom. VERSE 9. 1 Maccabees,[note 1] also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom. VERSE 43. and many of Israel consented to his worship, and sacrificed to the idols, and profaned the Sabbath. As we know, those who have left this world and enjoy the beatific vision, in the same act of charity in which they love God, are also praying for their brothers, who are members of the Church like themselves. VERSE 51. Later Jewish leaders thought poorly of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty for several reasons, and a document so openly celebratory of them was problematic. Rather, the book refers to "heaven" (ourans) instead, such as Judas saying in a speech that "It is not on the size of the army that victory in battle depends, but strength comes from Heaven. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension . VERSE 58. During the Protestant Reformation, the book (along with other books in the Catholic deuterocanon) was classed as biblical apocrypha in Protestantism, material useful for background but not canonical. [44] For the author, bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression. 2 Samuel. If it really was originally written in Greek, then the author was intentionally imitating Hebrew style in Greek. Journey through the Bible, one book at a time, with the 2nd edition of our Books of the Bible journal. The book of 1 Maccabees is the most thorough account of the deeds of the sons of Mattathias and the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire; 2 Maccabees is a more sensationalized account that focuses on a briefer period of time and adds cool stuff like flying ghost armies; 4 Maccabees is a homily rather than a narrative, focusing on the . That is, each nation should abandon its religious customs. These two books tell you a lot about Jewish self-definition in the second and first century bc. ", The Church Father Origen relates that the title of the Hebrew original was Sarbeth Sarbanael, translated either as "the Book of the Prince of the House of Israel" or "the Book of the Dynasty of God's resisters.". ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. VERSE 55. This book also tells us more about atonement beyond the grave by asserting the existence of purgatory (12:38ff). [41] The book dismisses a defeat suffered by other commanders named Joseph and Azariah as because "they did not listen to Judas and his brothers. The original book was apparently written in Hebrew, as is indicated by a number of Hebrew idioms used by the author. They will not sin in order to save their lives. The book is not part of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and is not considered canonical by Protestant denominations nor in any of the major branches of Judaism. Hellenization included the construction of gymnasia in Jerusalem. The Maccabees then ruled over Israel, first as High Priests and then as High Priests and Princes of Israel. The contest which he describes is a struggle, not simply between Jew and Gentile, but between those who would uphold the law and those, Jews or Gentiles, who would destroy it. VERSE 16. Thus, for example, in 2 Maccabees 12:43 there is Judas act of faith in the resurrection and salvation of his fallen soldiers, but he realizes that they must atone for their sins in the next life, and he wishes to help them in this and asks for prayers from the living. VERSE 5. 1 Maccabees is best known for its account of the recapture of Jerusalem in the year 164 BC and rededication of the Second Temple: the origin behind the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. This text explicitly states that there is an interim stage where souls are purified and that they can be helped by suffrages offered by the living. 2 Maccabees interprets the misfortunes of the Jews as God's punishment for their own sins; the author of 1 Maccabees depicts the problems as due to the external evil of Antiochus IV and his generals, not as a cleansing ordeal that was in some sense divine will. But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel. 1 and 2 Maccabees tell the same story in two different ways. George Leo Haydock. The origin of 2 Maccabees is debated. 2 He fought many battles, captured fortresses, and put the kings of the earth to death. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and Simon's son, John Hyrcanus. 2 Maccabees - Chapter 4. Luckily, when a skateboard courier called Y.T. One is that it was simply "too new," dealing with a period several centuries after the traditional end of Jewish prophecy. The first two books only are part of canonical scripture in the Septuagint and the Vulgate (hence are canonical to Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) and are included in the Protestant Apocrypha. The kingdom began to decline under Ptolemy IV Philopator, who was a bad administrator and led a dissolute life. [27], In chapter 8, Judas seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic, aiming to remove the Greeks. This page was last edited on 16 October 2020, at 19:27. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1044072, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Below is the article summary. These heroes of the faith will walk with the One God and keep the Covenant. If the consequences are good, they say is OK to do anything that is necessary. It was probably written sometime in the second century bc, in other words very shortly after the events it described. It tells the story of how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress Temple worship and to destroy the practice of Jewish law. At first, it was used to describe the martyrs described in 2 Maccabees. [64], The Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.[65]. (He had previously become king of Greece.) ; and the Seleucids, who took over large parts of the Middle East and moved into Palestine in 200 B.C. VERSE 34. While Judas is eventually killed in battle, the Maccabees eventually achieve autonomy and then independence for Judea under the leadership of the Hasmonean family. He also confirms alliances with both Rome and Sparta (1 Macc. VERSE 21. and entered presumptuously into the sanctuary, and took the golden altar, and the candlestick of the light, and all that pertained thereto. Grimm indicates the time span for when the book could have been written to be from 105-64 b.c.e. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article However, we believers CANNOT do evil that good may result. When Simon died he was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus, who became the founder of the Hasmonean dynasty. The king will require Jews to reject their Covenant with the One God. The author sees the revolt as divinely ordained, but downplays direct divine intervention such as miracles. It is probably a Greek translation of a Hebrew account of Israel's independence struggle between 174 and 134 bc.Similarly little is known about the author of 2 Maccabees, although it is clear that he was not the same person as the author of 1 Maccabees. He achieves semi-independence from the Seleucid Empire and gains recognition of his rulership from the Roman Senate in 139. The books had separate authors. The Maccabees formed the Hasmonean dynasty. The book also comes across as dismissive of martyrdom and passive approaches to resistance, seeing such gestures as futile and pointless. Antiochus forbids both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death. 1 Maccabees was probably written in Hebrew originally. VERSE 2. It also asserts the resurrection of the just and tells us what we need to know about the fate of the unjust (7:9, 14,23,29; 14:46). More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from the control of the Greek empire and rededicated (an act that is still commemorated yearly in the festival of Hanukkah). 1 Alexander of Macedon son of Philip had come from the land of Kittim and defeated Darius king of the Persians and Medes, whom he succeeded as ruler, at first of Hellas. 1 Maccabees is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from 175 to 135. After his death in battle c. 161 B.C.E., his brother Jonathan succeeds him. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable history, but not a part of Scripture. by Daniel R. Schwartz. 2 Maccabees is a summary of Jason's five-volume work. "[42][43] All of this makes clear that God has specifically chosen a new dynasty to rule Judea, the Hasmoneans. He even attempts to force Jewish leaders to sacrifice to pagan idols. Ptolemy supposedly threatened the Jews with loss of citizenship after Palestinian Jews refused to permit him to enter the sanctuary of the Temple of Jerusalem. two main dynasties established themselves in the territories of his huge empirethe Ptolemies, who controlled Egypt and also Palestine up to 200 B.C. Flavius Josephus, the first century Jewish historian, carries the story forward; only he gives the surname Hasmoneus, which applies to the successors of the early Maccabees up to Aristobulus II. 1 Maccabees 10, Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary, One of over 125 Bible commentaries freely available, this commentary was originally compiled by priest and biblical scholar Rev. 1:7 So Alexander reigned twelves years, and then died. He also requires Jewish leaders to sacrifice to idols. Among other effects, this discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. The author of I Maccabees, likely the Hasmonean court historian, wrote his history during the high priesthood (135/134104 bce) of John Hyrcanus I, son and successor of Simon. It later became a title given to the rebels as a whole around the 3rd-5th century AD, hence the Septuagint naming the works as books of the Maccabees. Friend. [48] Bezalel Bar-Kochva praises it as among the better military historiography of the period. The Septuagint was preserved by early Christians as the basis for the Christian Old Testament. There are seven poetic sections in the book that imitate the style of classical Hebrew poetry: four laments (1:2528, 3640; 2:713; 3:45), and three hymns of praise of our fathers (2:5164), of Judas (3:39), and of Simon (14:415). The success of the Jewish campaigns he attributes to Gods protection, but he makes it clear that faithfulness to the Covenant is, as was the case with their forebears, the ground on which Israel must totally rely. It has traditionally been considered highly trustworthy, although it is to some extent the "official" version of history according to the Hasmoneans and from the Maccabean point of view. VERSE 40. Another is that, while they were included by the Jews of Alexandria in the Septuagint, they may not have gained much popularity in Jerusalem. What did it mean to be Jewish in a predominantly Greek culture? However, after successfully invading the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV enters Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple. 1:10 And there came out of them a wicked root Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes, son of Antiochus the [26] Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his sons begin a military campaign against them. [40] Jews who complain about Judas's activities "bring to the king an accusation against the people". The relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius' son and successor, Demetrius II Nicator, is covered in chapter 11: Jonathan provides military support to Demetrius at the latter's request (verse 44), and a successful engagement against a popular revolt at Antioch enables the Jews to "gain glory in the sight of the king" (verse 51). Many Christians base their moral decisions on outcomes. 1 Maccabees - Chapter 1. to the death of Simeon the Hasmonean (135 B.C.E.). British and Foreign Bible Society operates in England, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.We also work with a network of local Bible Societies around the world. That is, men of Israel came forth. This suggests that in antiquity, IV Maccabees, dealing almost exclusively with martyrdom, may have been the most highly regarded. "[45][46] Even if "heaven" is merely shorthand for "God in heaven", 1 Maccabees is remarkably secular in its depiction of the conflict. The book's author is unknown, but is assumed to have been a devout Jew from the Holy Land who may have even taken part in the events described in the book, or at least knew older people who participated in them. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture. When Mattathias died, the revolt was led by his son Judas, or Judah Maccabee, as he is often called. The First Book of Maccabees (I Maccabees) is historical work extant in Greek, covering the period of 40 years from the accession of Antiochus Epiphanes (175 B.C.E.) And the inhabitants of Jerusalem fled because of them; and she became a habitation of strangers, and she became strange to those who were born in her, and her children forsook her. [30], After the death of Judas and a period of lawlessness,[31] he is succeeded by his brother Jonathan Apphus, whose battles with the Greek general Bacchides are recounted in chapter 9. There is a faithful remnant. It is not in the Codex Vaticanus. Experts date the original Hebrew text sometime in the late second century B.C.E. Acts of the Apostles. He relented after angels intervened on behalf of the Jews. VERSE 22. and the table of the show bread, and the cups to pour withal, and the bowls, and the golden censers, and the veil, and the crowns, and the adorning of gold which was on the face of the temple, and he scaled it all off. The better 1 maccabees summary shmoop historiography of the period the traditional end of Jewish independence against Syria do think! Antiochus IV and his family, who was a bad administrator and led dissolute... Walk with the one God to remove the Greeks people '' of,! Title=1_Maccabees & oldid=1044072, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License beyond the grave by asserting the existence of (... Shortly after the traditional end of Jewish scriptures on pain of death or Judah Maccabee as... 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