Dreams during REM sleep tend to be longer, more vivid, more story-like, and more bizarre than those during NREM sleep. 29. With developments in understanding of the neurophysiology of REM sleep, new An official website of the United States government. Such hypothesis is grounded on the following steps. In some mammals only one hemisphere at a time may be in desynchronized sleep. This is an additional fact to point to the activation of other mechanisms capable of producing wakefulness and desynchronized sleep, including dreaming. 90. J Physiol (Paris) 1984;79:365-74. WebIn a nutshell, the theory states that the biological function of dreaming is to stimulate threatening events in order to rehearse the perception of threats and how to go about While humans dream around 100 minutes every night, cats exhibit signs of dreaming during nearly 200 minutes per day. It is likely that even strong stimuli may be ineffective in producing an arousal during sleep if they are trivial, whereas light stimulation containing relevant information may be highly efficient. Mori S, Matysuyama K, Kohyama J, Kobayashi y, Takakusaki K. Neuronal constituents of postural and locomotor control systems and their interactions in cats. J Neurosci 1995;15:3500-8. Such activation of zif-268, which is likely to be correlated with the effect of learning on desynchronized sleep, was larger in the frontal and hippocampal cortices, where memorization is well known to occur. Kleitman N. Sleep and Wakefulness. During wakefulness theta waves consistently exhibit a lesser voltage and are less regular than during desynchronized sleep, what makes it easy to tell wakefulness from desynchronized sleep from the shear inspection of the electro-oscillograms (21,30,31,125). (eds.) Webanalyzing dreams. Bol Inst Est Md Biol Mxico 1962;20:155-64. The inhibition of motoneurons could be complete but we ignore why it is not. Pompeiano O. Mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep. During REM sleep, several physiological changes also take place. Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. Instead, they thought that dreams were not provoked by spirits, ghosts or gods, which took over the mind to express themselves through dreaming. Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. Neuroscience 1997;81:893-926. Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation of the rat. 88. Desynchronized sleep in early life may be an indicator for the degree of brain maturation and promoter of further brain maturation. 4 According to Freud, 38. If the animal is kept alive by forced feeding and is kept warm, in six days frontal desynchronization and theta waves in the other cortical areas reappear and then not only wakefulness is fully recovered but also desynchronized sleep, including oniric activity. yet, it is well known since Kohlschtter and Michelson (4,8) that the threshold to awaken a human being during desynchronized sleep is much lower than the one to produce wakefulness during synchronized sleep. Brain Res 1996;770:192-201. The result of such conscious identification is a dream. Wiley-Interscience, New york 1990:535-583. Usually r is very high between area 17 (visual cortex) and the hippocampus. WebThe language of dreaming shows that certain parts of the brain are active during dreams while others are inactive. Thomas J, Benoit O. Individualisation d'un sommeil ondes lentes et activit phasique. Baust's data regarding the cat are also evident (38). Erlbaum, 1992. Rapid increase of an immediate early gene messenger RNA in hippocampal neurons by synaptic NMDA receptor activation. 2021 Aug 30;24(2):543. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2021.543. General Learning Press, 1970. 66. In Greece dreams were called oneiros, a word that originated the adjective oniric but that meant not exactly what was dreamed about neither the dreaming process, which was not rated as something important, but the phantasmata, i.e. Soja PJ, Lopez-Rodriguez F, Morales FR, Chase MH. Silent functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates focal activation in rapid eye movement sleep. 3. 75. 124. Braun et al. 64. Desseilles M, Dang-Vu TT, Sterpenich V, Schwartz S. Conscious Cogn. Although related to the information fluxogram displayed in figure 2 of the present review, Hernandez-Pon's process involves the function of participating in "adaptive waking behavior", which does not seem to have a real meaning (136). Aristotle (1), who had carefully observed several animal species while asleep, noticed that movements of several of their body parts were quite similar to those performed by humans during dreaming. Rados R, Cartwright RD. He properly related such dreams to his concern with that important war. 81. (57). Disclaimer. 113. The caudalmost portion of this system (then labeled descending hypnogenic cholinergic) comprises the ventral and dorsal Gudden's nuclei, whose stimulation with carbachol triggered sleep in nearly 20 seconds. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1959;153:1024-8. The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. Jouvet M, Michel F, Courjon J. Sur un stade d'activit elctrique crebrale rapide aucours du sommeil physiologique. During oniric activity, however, phasic increases in heart rate, blood pressure and ventilation do occur that are closely related to the dream that is going on. Plotting the amplitude of the Achillean reflex of cats during sleep Pompeiano (1967) found that while the animal coursed synchronized sleep, this stretch reflex was almost normal, only slightly reduced as compared to its intensity during wakefulness (41). Decety J, Jeannerod M, Durozard DR, Baveal J. Considering that most dreams in rats (31,32) are related to olfaction, not to vision, potentials that resemble PGOs in the amygdala of this animal species should also be taken as signs of dreaming rather than PGOs. By lesioning the alphacoeruleus nuclei such an inhibitory effect is prevented and during oniric activity the movements generated by the dream itself can be expressed, as was clearly demonstrated in Jouvet's Laboratory (50,51) in cats; the animal suddenly gets up, walks, miews and strikes with the paws, as if the animal were awake. Table 1 shows the results of some of such studies, including our data concerning nearly 2,000 dreaming episodes recorded from rats. Frequency clearly increases and becomes regular, as compared with the trend before oniric activity. National Library of Medicine Several theories claim that dreaming is a random by-product of REM sleep physiology and that it does not serve any natural function. Would you like email updates of new search results? 116. In cats, tympanic muscles sometimes contract during desynchronized sleep (38), as shown in Figure 4. Physiological-functioning theor y was supported in a 2009 paper written by J. Allan For the first time, direct and systematic investigation could be made of such topics as the occurrence, qualities, recollection, and childhood development of dreaming. 11. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992;16:25-30. (ed. Roussy F, Camirand C, Foulkes D, De Koninck J, Loftis M, Kerr NH. Aristotle. Vanni-Mercier G, Pelisson D, Goffart L, Sakai K, Jouvet M. Eye saccade dynamics during paradoxical sleep in the cat. The pressure also exhibits a series of bumps, that may be related to dreaming activity (figure 6) (62). Therefore, desynchronized sleep should be ascribed a homeothermic function (116). Finally, in 1953 Aserinsky & Kleitman started the present phase of the study of sleep in humans. The value of r is as high as 0.9618 when theta waves in the hippocampal CA1 field of one side are matched with those in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, what points to a close temporal relationship between theta waves in hippocampus and in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. J Neurophysiol 1946;9:165-71. Behav Brain Res 1997;84:109-16. At 36C, for instance, desynchronized sleep spans to about 10% of time, at 23C it occupies nearly 80% of the time, what has not been explained so far. Science 1987;238:797-9. Movements of the eyes when the lids are closed. Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. 128. We spend a lot of time sleeping. Another hypothesis to account for desynchronized sleep function is that this phase of sleep is programmed to occur when central temperature is low and that it has a thermoregulatory function. 21. (1991) and Lovblad et al. They may be involved only in intermediate steps of the processes that cause such movements. They include facilitation of memory storage, A theory that has many The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them mistically. Salivary, gastric, enteric, pancreatic and billiary secretion and contraction of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal viscera are specific vegetative components of feeding behavior, as well as secretion of luteotropic hormone, increase in cavernous blood pressure and vaginal blood flow and several other endocrine adjustments are part and characteristic of sexual behavior. Its is noteworthy that Weed & Halam's data, published in 1896, are close to those reported by Rechtschaffen & Buchignani in 1992, which was calculated as the mean of the average of seven different studies published by other authors (40). Inasmuch as dreaming seems to occur in most birds and mammals, it is unlikely that it has no function in the animal organism. Solms M. Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. 24. 108. Maquet P, Pters J, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Franck G. Nature. Accordingly, they are known as PGO (pontine, occipital cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus) potentials. In fact, it does frequently occur when movements are expressed as high frequency potentials. A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur for the most part involuntarily during certain stages of sleep. Neurosc Res 1993;17:181-202. Dream recall and eye movement during sleep and their relation to eye movements, bodily motility and dreaming. eCollection 2021 Aug 12. Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. De Sanctis S. I Sogni e il Sonno. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:22-3. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Modifications of recurrent discharge of the alpha motoneurons during sleep. 115. The American psychologist Mary Whiton Calkins published in 1893 an important, although entirely unkwnown, article under the title Statistics of Dreams, wherein she introduced the technique of arousing people when they moved parts of the body during sleep and asking them to report their dreams (4,7). In non-human animals the report regarding dreams is obviously impossible but, fortunately, a dream can be detected in both humans and other species by analyzing its motor, vegetative and electrophysiological manifestations, as will be described below. According to Hobson, Pace-Schotter & Stickgold (2000), since image studies show activation of "limbic" and "paralimbic" structures of the forebrain during desynchronized sleep, as compared to wakefulness (120,126-128), emotion may be a primary shaper of dream plots, rather than playing a secondary role plot instigation. ( 2 ):543. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2021.543 at a time may be related to dreaming (! 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