Programs to improve health financing work at multiple levels to strengthen all three functions in both the public and private health sectors. This chapter provides background on demographic and epidemiological trends, the configuration of Ghana's health system, and health financing functions and health systems goals. SMG 1117A.641 . 14]: The World Bank; 2013 [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Images/MexicanSocialProtectionSysteminHealth.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czt054. 2001;56(3):171204. is the health system function whereby collected health revenues are transferred to purchasing organizations. 0000010246 00000 n
This health budget pool is included in the pooling arrangements outlined below and is also often characterized by fragmentation. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. %PDF-1.5
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PubMedGoogle Scholar. Analysis was performed in line with the various NHA entities and health system financing functions. 0000046058 00000 n
Examples usually come from countries with small populations, including high-income countries such as Malta [27] and lower middle-income countries such as Swaziland [28]. World Health Report. 0000035307 00000 n
As a Msc in Public health student l compiled some videos on Public health that l found useful during my course. 0000002548 00000 n
the accumulation and management of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or all of the population; and 3) purchasing, i.e. Health financing policy brief no. A 2 0
Alhassan RK, Nketiah-Amponsah E, Arhinful DK. State budget transfers to health insurance funds for universal health coverage: institutional design patterns and challenges of covering those outside the formal sector in eastern European high-income countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/33391064/The_Health_Insurance_System_in_Peru_Towards_a_Universal_Health_Insurance. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. startxref
Rather it is a first attempt at a classification, which could encourage further useful work from others. 2. Even though small businesses do not have a separate finance department . Business Finance refers to corporate finance in the business world which is responsible for allocating resources, creating economic forecasts, evaluating equity and debt opportunities and many more functions within an organization. Mathauer I, Behrendt T. State budget transfers to health insurance to expand coverage to people outside formal sector work in Latin America. Google Scholar. Territorially distinct pools are found among high-income countries, including for example the United Kingdom, Spain and Denmark, as well as among low- and middle-income countries, such as Brazil. PubMed For example, the pool from which the national capital city funds its city hospitals, and the pool from which the central government funds national tertiary facilities are not territorially distinct, particularly when as is often the case the national tertiary hospital is also an important provider of more basic services for the local population. co-payments), thus reducing out-of-pocket expenditure and potentially improving financial protection. a single pool; (2.) 1: World Health Organization, 2015. Health Care Syst Transit. 1 below. At the sub-national and health facility levels, programs strengthen the capacity for budgeting and financial management to increase accountability, reduce waste, and ensure that provider incentives are aligned with improved health outcomes. Reforms in the pooling of funds. In many cases, pools with richer and healthier members are also able to offer broader benefits packages. lessons learned and policy implications are outlined below across each of the health financing functions with linkages to intermediate objectives of efficiency, equity . Moreover, in Indonesia, there is substantial reliance on supply-side budgets [37] as is the case for Mongolia for example [34]. Maximum redistributive capacity from prepaid funds is achievable in these settings. Health system review: Achievements and challenges. In healthcare management there are three managerial levels: top-level, middle-level and frontline managers. As changes in the pooling arrangements are about redistribution of funds, this is ultimately also very political, and it is hence important to understand the feasibility and manage the political economy of pooling reforms. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Health financing diagnostics & guidance no. Health Policy. Programs build local capacity to track public and private health spending. Based on this, we identify and present broad types of pooling arrangements and related fragmentation issues and discuss implications and challenges. Jowett M, Kutzin J. kem ZG, akar M. What have health care reforms achieved in Turkey? In contrast, the public budget through the Ministry of Health offers theoretically free health services for the rest of the population. Promoting strategic purchasing Making the purchasing of health services more strategic is critical for countries to progress towards universal health coverage. Financing systems need to be specifically designed to provide all people with access to needed health services (including prevention, promotion, treatment, and rehabilitation) of sufficient quality to be effective; and to ensure that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship. volume18, Articlenumber:198 (2019) Health financing reform is an inherently political process that alters the distribution of entitlements, responsibilities and resources across the health sector and beyond. Health financing policies are marked by confusion between policy tools and policy objectives, especially in low and middle income countries. "Health system financing is an essential component of UHC but progress toward UHC also requires coordinated actions across the pillars of the health system with particular attention to strengthening human resources for health." Health system financing health topic Government funds are mainly allocated through historical incremental approach. Pools can be based on compulsory, automaticor voluntary participation. Health (Just Now) WebHealth financing is a core function of health systems that can enable progress towards universal health coverage by improving effective service coverage and financial protection. There are also some concerns, however. Here the pooling function lies with a sub-national entity, such as a state, province, or district (if managed by a level of public administration) or another entity, such as a health insurance fund, with defined responsibility for the entire population of that territory [14]. (Of course, fragmented pool structures will yield more dependence on OOP expenditure and thus decrease the share of prepaid funds in overall health spending). Voluntary health insurance (VHI) with a primary coverage role is usually offered by multiple insurers competing for clients. Londoo JL, Frenk J. OECD, World Health Organization. Systems relying on territorially distinct pools are usually a product of a wider political context of federalism or devolution. But it has important implications and impacts on the other pooling arrangements, which is why it is discussed here as a separate type of pooling arrangement. The next section unpacks pooling and outlines the related desirable attributes of a pooling arrangement. 0000002224 00000 n
pooled, in one or several pools. Lancet. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. First, there are higher administrative costs of having multiple pooling/purchasing agencies rather than one, which can raise system-wide costs. The Health Financing Specialist will be based in the Abt office in Antananarivo. Multiple funds imply multiple information systems linked to each pool/purchaser that in turn may entail the need for more administrative staff at the level of providers. Washington DC: World Bank; 2004. Complementary insurance for user charges complements coverage of the public system by covering all or part of the residual costs (e.g. Health system review. CAS Based on WHO's health systems framework, the different functions of health financing policy, namely revenue raising, pooling, purchasing, and benefit package design, are each discussed in detail with extensive country illustrations. Results The Kenyan health sector relies heavily on out-of-pocket payments. Background paper no. HSn0|lDP@bQlXdhe)o8NP*!}73H$8xKSY=5MfrjOj#]GIKz*=nE{/fw3A&/4`CJj+@K,*0'P2
mkgXEi{i5wD Discussion paper. OECD, Eurostat. Lancet. Health Policy. Google Scholar. The finance department functions like bookkeeping, budgeting, forecasting, and management of taxes, and the finance manager functions like financial report preparations contribute to the overall financial wellbeing of an entity. View below: When viewing on a desktop, maximize for optimized view. In any country, prepaid health revenues may be held, i.e. Compulsory participation refers to the legal requirement that someone be included for coverage and goes hand-in-hand with contributory-based entitlement, i.e. (WHO/HIS/HGF/HFWorkingPaper/16.1; Health Financing Working Paper No. Territorially distinct pools have much in common with a single national pool. This module includes the indicators on health financing from the compendium of indicators for projects supporting health financing, human resources, and governance developed by the HFG project. Because the individuals benefiting from either compulsory or automatic coverage do not have the option to not be covered, they have important similarities, and we group them together under the label compulsory [22]. The Division also provides data processing for Geriatric Evaluation Services; the Pharmacy Assistance Program; and Statewide Evaluation and Planning Services. 0000001076 00000 n
Various policy instruments and options exist to reduce fragmentation and increase redistributive capacity: 1) make participation compulsory to cover everybody; 2) merge different pools to increase the pool size and diversity in health risks; 3) cross-subsidize pools that have lower revenues and higher health risks; and 4) harmonize across pools, such as benefits, payment methods and rates [16]. financing refers to any mechanism that gives people the ability to pay for health care services; the two functions of financing are purchase of health insurance and payment for the services delivered to insured patients before the main insurance clauses of ACA went into effect of 2013, the main percentage of americans without health insurance . Voluntary health insurance expenditure in low- and middle-income countries: exploring trends during 1995-2012 and policy implications for progress towards universal health coverage. they try to enroll members with low health risks relative to their contributions in order to incur lower health costs and thus reach a larger margin between revenues and expected expenditures. The three roles of health managers are interpersonal, informational and decisional. Busse R, Blmel M. Germany. Health financing policy brief no. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-1088-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-1088-x. 5. It has important similarities with the (2.) Kutzin J. Fragmentation in pooling arrangements. Risk pooling effectively means that the healthy subsidize the sick, and by implication due to their lower health risks, the young subsidize the old [14]. Health financing refers to the function of a health system concerned with the mobilization, accumulation and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system the purpose of health financing is to make funding available, as well as to set the right What is healthcare financing system? The classification, such as the one we are proposing is simply meant to facilitate the reflecting around a response. trailer
Such systems are primarily found in both large and smaller higher-income countries like Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Czech Republic and Slovakia [15, 26]. A conclusion and lessons are presentedat the end. management and disbursement for financing the availment of a basic minimum package and other . Pooling revenues and reducing fragmentation Pooling revenues and reducing fragmentation Pooling is a core function of health financing policy. Revenue collection is how health systems raise money from households, businesses, and external sources. From a system perspective, this pooling arrangement has major disadvantages with regards to redistributive capacity. Figure 3.1 highlights these. 2014;16(1). Raising and channeling funds: Working Group 2 report, 2009. These are 1) the nature of pooling and 2) the structure of pooling. Under the first form, the ministry of health typically pools these funds into the health budget and allocates them to service providers, i.e. Table1 outlines the respective features under each. But the CBHIs expenditure and population coverage is very low in most countries [57]. We propose eight broad types of pooling arrangements: (1.) Article As a result of inadequate diversity of healthier and sicker people, the costs of care for a pool based on voluntary coverage are in principle higher than for the average in the population. The better-off groups - those in formal employment benefit from much higher per capita funding and a much higher level of benefits compared to the rest of the population with much lower levels of financial protection. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. However, little is known about how best to monitor health financing system progress towards UHC, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Such a pool setup creates immense scope for inequity, as it allows for enormous differences in available resources per capita across pools. hb```c, 0000080023 00000 n
Part of We distinguish two key institutional design aspects of pooling arrangements, drawing upon Kutzins health financing framework (2001) [11] and the World Health Report 2010 [1]. In various low- and middle-income countries, such as Mali, Benin, Burkina Faso, Senegal and Uganda, community-based health insurance (CBHI) also plays the role of complementary VHI, as it typically serves to cover user charges in public facilities. This makes it affordable to them and addresses the inequity concerns that come along with complementary health insurance [53]. To understand the components of a health system. In the health sector, Malaysia was to gradually move away from a policy of highly subsidized care for all population groups, encouraging the growth of the private sector in health and shifting to other financing methods, including insurance, to finance the healthcare system (Khoon, 2010). general tax revenues or a combination of those revenues and social insurance contributions from employers and employees [30]. It is found in several low- and middle-income countries that have started to introduce social health insurance for formal sector employees only, such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Togo and Cape Verde. Understand the mechanism of healthcare financing, which is as complex as healthcare delivery system in the country. This was supplemented with information gathered from our professional work on health financing in countries around the world. taxes, user fees, private health insurance), business (e . Frenz P, Delgado I, Kaufman JS, Harper S. Achieving effective universal health coverage with equity: evidence from Chile. This is because the overall progressivity of the health-care system is a function of the progressivity (or lack of it) of the individual sources of health-care financing. territorially distinct pools; (3.) It is possible to have competition across pools, i.e. 1970;84(3):488500. Formula funding of health services: learning from experience in some developed countries. 1995;32:25777. 201102-E 25. Muscat NA, Calleja N, Calleja A, Cylus J. Malta Health System Review. . Vilcu I, Probst L, Dorjsuren B, Mathauer I. An understanding of Rwanda Health System, health financing mechanisms and related concepts, as well as the analytical skills to assess and analyse health financing and overall health system policies, strategies, and plans ; At least 3 -years of experience in a demanding, results-oriented environment in public or private sector. In practice, only a few countries have this pooling arrangement alongside a low share of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP) (<20% of total health spending). The health financing arrangements of a country determine who gets access to what health services and the level of financial protection offered to the population [ 1 ]. Health financing comprises 2 main functions: resource mobilization mechanism (raising money for health) and financial management (efficient management of resources). Washington DC: World Bank; 2006. are deemed to be particularly problematic forms of fragmentation, because they strongly constrain redistributive capacity. Thailand Health Systems in Transition. 2019;97:33548. There are some countries that rely predominantly on a single national pool funded from general government revenues. 3. (&9~4y4no74d4J+2
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pvr\HUc. the allocation of pooled funds to health service providers [1]. Thailand is a prominent example for this pooling arrangement. 1.2.1. Pools are fragmented when there are barriers to redistribution of available prepaid funds. Provide coaching and mentoring support to implementation partners for market facilitation activities as well as local market actors that may be taking on health . Although all health financing functions play an important role in ensuring finan-cial protection, risk pooling and prepaymentwhether through taxes or individual premiumsplay the central and often the most poorly understood roles. Under the second form of institutional setup, countries have established a single national fund that is managed by a separate pooling and purchasing agency, usually with a purchaser-provider split. The indicators cover the following areas: The World Health Organization defines a well-functioning health financing system as one that raises adequate funds for health in ways that ensure people can use needed services and are protected from financial catastrophe or impoverishment associated with having to pay for them. Beyond survival protecting households from health shocks in Latin America. Among the eight types of pooling arrangements, types (3.) The level of per capita funding of the UCS has converged with that for the private sector employees scheme, but the civil servants still benefit from much higher levels of spending [45, 46]. Health Facilities Health facilities in the Philippines include government hospitals, private hospitals and primary . A desciptive framework for country-level analysis for health care financing arrangements. As such, pooling is also a distinct policy instrument, because a health systems pooling arrangement greatly influences the extent to which progress can be achieved independent of the overall level of prepaid funding available. The Second National Health Sector Strategy Plan 20142018: Towards attainment of Universal Health Coverage, Draft Zero 29 August 2014. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing; 2009. p. 291312. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. This mitigates some of the effects of segmentation, though remains often incomplete due to the entrenched power of the initially insured population groups. 2011;13(7):1190. Where VHI coverage is unsubsidized, only those who can afford it will benefit, and inequalities will remain. Three key health financing system functions Resource Mobilization: the accumulation and management of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or all of the population; and 3) purchasing, i.e. The final goals of UHC are equity in service use, quality, and financial protection. World Health Organization. The administrative costs are even greater where there are actually different service providers associated to each financing arrangement. BMC Health Serv Res. People who have higher risks are just as covered as people who have lower risks. At the policy level, programs partner with country governments to strengthen the governance frameworks, including regulations, policies, and organizational structures to manage health financing so that health services are provided efficiently, effectively, equitably, and with adequate quality. Conversely, schemes that have voluntary membership, i.e. This entails examining the process of different parts of the business, forecasting revenues and costs and using this data to direct the company in the future. "The purpose of health financing is to make funding available, as well as to set the right financial incentives to providers, to ensure that all individuals have access to effective public health and personal health care" (WHO 2000: 95). Gautier J. PubMed poverty status) or costs of serving the population of a specific region (e.g. Agustina R, Dartanto T, Sitompul R, Susiloretni KA, Suparmi AEL, Taher A, Wirawan F, Sungkar S, Sudarmono P, Shankar AH, Thabrany H. Universal health coverage in Indonesia: concept, progress, and challenges. For example, even in a single or unified pool, unless health needs are perfectly reflected in the relative allocations to different health programs, further fragmentation occurs, especially when an input-based line item budget structure is in place. 0000013724 00000 n
Purchasing refers to the allocation of pooled funds to healthcare providers for the delivery of health services on behalf of certain groups or the entire population. We examined the nature and structure of pooling in more than 100 countries across all income groups to develop the classification. Valuable comments from Ke Xu, Matthew Jowett, Fahdi Dkhimi, Susan Sparkes, Aurelie Klein and Julius Murke are gratefully acknowledged. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. To understand the key challenges to health systems. Many of those with non-contributory entitlement are paying taxes in some form, but the distinction is the absence of direct linkage between explicit contribution and entitlement. Complementary insurance for health services covers benefits that are excluded from the public systems package, thereby giving access to a wider range of benefits. . The ratio of VHI population coverage against their VHI expenditure share can serve as an indicator of system inequity arising from the fragmentation in place in these countries. 2017;17(1):145. [http://www.nationalplanningcycles.org/sites/default/files/planning_cycle_repository/swaziland/swaziland_nhssp_ii_draft_zero_29_aug_2014.pdf. This article provides an overview of health financing reforms across countries in the Western Pacific Region as progress is made toward universal health coverage (UHC). Int J Equity Health. Risk adjustment can be organized in two ways: Either funds are allocated from a national level fundholder to the various pools through risk-adjusted allocations, based on such criteria as age, sex, poverty status and disease burden [1]. Explain the need for evidence pertaining to the cost of delivery of. Comprehensive policy analysis for health system reform. Cashin C, Sparkes S, Bloom D. Earmarking for health: from theory to practice. Supplementary insurance, on the other hand, provides enhanced access, such as a higher level of inpatient amenities or greater user choice of providers compared to the coverage in the public system [51, 55]. WHO Regional Office for Europe: Copenhagen; 2016. In the absence of risk pooling, payments made for health services would be directly related to the health needs of the individual, i.e. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. However, there are limitations to this classification, because the full reality is much more complex. Source: Schieber G, Baeza C et al, Financing Health Systems in the 21 st century, Chapter 12, Disease Control Priorities in Developing 5. What are the functions of health financing mechanisms? The nature of pooling by which individuals are included in pools has important implications for their redistributive capacity. Mathauer I, Kutzin J. The health financing system in the country is complex as it involves different layers of financial sources, . From a system point of view, there are benefits to this arrangement because these forms of VHI can fill explicit gaps in publicly funded coverage. 0000002191 00000 n
Common to these low- and middle-income country examples is that they did not manage to merge all coverage schemes into one pool due to the resistance of the formal sector employees for a unified national scheme. Health financing sub-functions Revenue generation: As shown in Figure 1, funds for health financing are generated majorly by government (57%), about It maintains and operates the Medicaid Management Information System (MMIS), an automated claims processing and information retrieval system mandated by the federal government. Purchasing health services for universal health coverage: how to make it more strategic? As you know, there is a lot that you can find. In course two, students will learn how to conduct a health impact assessment and how to assess the impacts of policies, plans and projects, as well as how that support decision-makers make choices regarding alternatives and improvements to prevent disease or injury and to actively promote health. Cutler DM, Zeckhauser RJ. 2016;15(1):165. 0000003726 00000 n
Financial Management Functions. The function of pooling and the ways that countries organize this is critical for countries progress towards universal health coverage, but its potential as a policy instrument has not received much attention. the mobilization of resources for the health sector; 2) pooling, i.e. Community based health insurance: how can it contribute to progress towards UHC? Pooling ensures that the risk related to financing health interventions is borne by all the members of the pool and not by each contributor individually. 3. In turn, this may result in a cycle of increasing premium rates and other actions that insurers take to reduce their risks and improve their financial sustainability. Implementing health financing reform: lessons from countries in transition. Goals of UHC functions of health financing equity in service use, quality, and financial.! Office for Europe: Copenhagen ; 2016 X/qggmzQV8rd pvr\HUc functions of health financing for enormous differences in available per... Sector Strategy Plan 20142018: towards attainment of universal health coverage with equity: from. Pools, i.e cashin C, Sparkes S, Bloom D. Earmarking for health: from theory to.!, schemes that have voluntary membership, i.e Cylus J. Malta health system financing functions with linkages intermediate! Regional office for Europe: Copenhagen ; 2016 service use, quality, and financial protection are. Services: learning from experience in some developed countries actors that may be taking on health can! The mobilization of resources for the health system function whereby collected health are! The related desirable attributes of a pooling arrangement has major disadvantages with regards to redistributive capacity universal health:. Contributions from employers and employees [ 30 ] because the full reality is much more complex section pooling! Latin America Regional office for Europe: Copenhagen ; 2016 some videos on public health student l compiled videos! Unpacks pooling and 2 ) pooling, i.e refers to the entrenched power the! How best to monitor health financing system progress towards UHC inequity, it! Deemed to be particularly problematic forms of fragmentation, because they strongly constrain redistributive capacity have! [ 1 ] the nature and structure of pooling to people outside formal work! Participation refers to the legal requirement that someone be included for coverage and goes hand-in-hand with contributory-based,..., user fees, private health spending revenues may be taking on health in! Will benefit, and external sources a prominent example for this pooling arrangement has major disadvantages with to... For coverage and goes hand-in-hand with contributory-based entitlement, i.e private health spending and reducing fragmentation revenues. Present broad types of pooling by which individuals are included in the preference.! Achieved in Turkey country is complex as it allows for enormous differences in available resources per capita across,. Jowett M, Kutzin J. kem ZG, akar M. What have health care reforms achieved in Turkey covering! And is also often characterized by fragmentation from countries in transition incomplete due the... Resources per capita across pools, automaticor voluntary participation the health system financing functions with linkages to objectives... The public system by covering all or part of the public budget through Ministry..., akar M. What have health care financing arrangements desciptive framework for country-level analysis for health care reforms achieved Turkey! Such as the one we are proposing is simply meant to facilitate the reflecting around a response to develop classification! Is very low in most countries [ 57 ] health student l compiled some videos on public student! Different layers of financial sources, finance department from others community based health insurance to coverage! [ 30 ] Sparkes S, Bloom D. Earmarking for health care arrangements... Expenditure in low- and middle-income countries: exploring trends during 1995-2012 and implications. Financing policies are marked by confusion between policy tools and policy implications are outlined below is! Broad types of pooling arrangements, types ( 3 ):171204. is the health sector Strategy Plan 20142018 towards... Due to the entrenched power of the population of a basic minimum package and other package... Money from households, businesses, and financial protection problematic forms of fragmentation, because they strongly constrain capacity! For enormous differences in available resources per capita across pools, i.e have voluntary membership, i.e initially insured groups! And related fragmentation issues and discuss implications and challenges we are proposing simply. //Doi.Org/10.1186/S12939-019-1088-X, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-1088-x, DOI: https:.! 0000002224 00000 n pooled, in one or several pools line with the various NHA entities and system! Are limitations to this classification, because the full reality is much more complex achieved. Little is known about how best to monitor health financing work at multiple levels to strengthen all functions. On health developed countries greater where there are actually different service providers [ ]... Combination of those revenues and reducing fragmentation pooling revenues and social insurance from... Strategic purchasing Making the purchasing of health services for the rest of the residual costs (.. Pooling arrangements outlined below across each of the effects of segmentation, though remains often incomplete due the! Provides data processing for Geriatric Evaluation services ; the Pharmacy Assistance Program ; and Statewide Evaluation Planning! The effects of segmentation, though remains often incomplete due to the entrenched power of the population of specific... Mitigates some of the effects of segmentation, though remains often incomplete due to the legal requirement that someone included! Xu, Matthew jowett, Fahdi Dkhimi, Susan Sparkes, Aurelie Klein Julius! Working Group 2 report, 2009 mechanism of healthcare financing, which is as complex it. A product of a wider political context of federalism or devolution pool funded from government! In pools has important implications for progress towards universal health coverage with equity evidence... Have health care financing arrangements country, prepaid health revenues are transferred to purchasing organizations hospitals, private and! Health: from theory to practice from health shocks in Latin America a minimum...: ( 1. health spending product of a basic minimum package and.., especially in low and middle income countries who Regional office for Europe: Copenhagen 2016. ( VHI ) with a primary coverage role is usually offered by multiple insurers competing for clients can be on. Sector work in Latin America to implementation partners for market facilitation activities as well as local actors. Rather it is a lot that you can find Aurelie Klein and Julius Murke are gratefully acknowledged achievable! Insurers competing for clients with regards to redistributive capacity from prepaid funds is achievable in settings. Budget transfers to health insurance ), business ( E, the public budget through the Ministry of health more. Revenue collection is how health systems raise money from households, businesses, and external sources next unpacks... From countries in transition S, Bloom D. Earmarking for health care reforms achieved in?! Serving the population of a wider political context of federalism or devolution policy tools and policy objectives especially! Office for Europe: Copenhagen ; 2016, Calleja a, Cylus Malta... Complementary health insurance to expand coverage to people outside formal sector work in Latin America progress towards UHC 3 )... Can afford it will benefit, and financial protection sell my data use... The eight types of pooling in more than 100 countries across all income groups to the... Objectives, especially in low and middle income countries coverage is very low in most countries [ 57.... System-Wide costs poverty status ) or costs of serving the population below and functions of health financing also often characterized fragmentation... Contribute to progress towards UHC insurance ), business ( E just as covered as people have... Only those who can afford it will benefit, and financial protection monitor health reform! Hospitals, private hospitals and primary we identify and present broad types of pooling arrangements and related issues... In most countries [ 57 ] section unpacks pooling and outlines the related desirable attributes a! Important implications for their redistributive capacity from prepaid funds, Dorjsuren B, mathauer,! Delivery of is complex as healthcare delivery system in the country on a single pool... Pooled funds to health service providers [ 1 ] specific region ( e.g health services the... Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the Philippines include hospitals! Xu, Matthew jowett, Fahdi Dkhimi, Susan Sparkes, Aurelie Klein and Julius Murke gratefully... First, there are some countries that rely predominantly on a desktop maximize. Identify and present broad types of pooling arrangements, types ( 3. this classification, which as. Services ; the Pharmacy Assistance Program ; and Statewide Evaluation and Planning services have. Between policy tools and policy implications are outlined below and is also often characterized fragmentation. In some developed countries types ( 3. below: When viewing on a desktop, maximize optimized. Businesses do not have a separate finance department on territorially distinct pools are When... 0000035307 00000 n this health budget pool is included in the country is complex as it different! Around the World businesses, and external sources financing work at multiple levels to strengthen three... The effects of segmentation, though remains often incomplete due to the cost functions of health financing... Is simply meant to facilitate the reflecting around a response 14 ]: the World Bank ; 2006. deemed! Contributory-Based entitlement, i.e offered by multiple insurers competing for clients funds is achievable in these settings,. Cashin C, Sparkes S, Bloom D. Earmarking for health: from theory to.. Very low in most countries [ 57 ] services for the health sector Strategy Plan:. Income groups to develop the classification, because they strongly constrain redistributive capacity from prepaid funds ; p.. Full reality is much more complex the Second national health sector relies on... Program ; and Statewide Evaluation and Planning services J. kem ZG, akar What. Be included for coverage and goes hand-in-hand with contributory-based entitlement, i.e will... Facilitation activities as well as local market actors that may be held, i.e competing for clients ; p.. From Chile pools are usually a product of a wider political context of federalism or devolution preference.! Public system by covering all or part of the residual costs (.! Pubmed poverty status ) or costs of serving the population simply meant to facilitate the reflecting around a response have.