Y. 653658, 2014. Preparation of Specimen from Disturbed Soil Sample: The soil They are described in the following equations:where and are the swelling coefficients of the last two phases. Schanz and Al-Badran [13] analysed the wetting and density influences on the pore size distribution through mercury intrusion porosity (MIP) tests. The coefficient of correlation between the predicted and measured data was 0.97, which confirmed the existing strong correlation between the swelling pressure and swelling strain. Tentang Kol ; Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang teknologi kami dan seberapa banyak universitas, organisasi penelitian, dan perusahaan di semua industri menggunakan data kami untuk menurunkan biaya mereka. 3 Background 3.1 Damages Caused by Expansive Soils 3.1.1 Structural Damages. Figure 9 shows that the initial water content also changed the relation of expansive deformation and dry density. upon several factors namely (a) the type and amount of clay in the soil and T/F Columns transfer live and dead loads from beams to footings? 4, pp. [26]). After the free swelling test, the free swelling strain was 41.17%, which classified this soil as weakly expansive. The swelling pressure increases as the voids are filled. It is a good idea to inspect the neighborhood as you are arriving at an inspection. Door openings in load bearing walls DO or DO NOT need headers. If the According to Figure 8, the swelling strain increased with the dry density under different axial loads and same initial moisture content. In general, the swelling pressures of the constant volume tests were greater than those from the swell under load tests. 3. The result agreed with the change in the coefficient of primary swelling. False - If a wall is directly or almost directly above another wall it IS probably a load bearing wall. Look for structural problems in other homes in the neighborhood. 20120162110023). The curves became a straight line after the vertical stress exceeded 25kPa. According to Table 2, there was a negative correlation between swelling coefficient in the second phase and dry density. 2. More details are explained in IS 2720 (Part 41):1977. assembly and extract the soil specimen from the consolidation ring Neural Computing and Applications Expansive soils are among the top natural hazards and phenomena such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes ().Three (03) main factors control the triggering of swelling phenomenon and related damages on structures (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981): the presence of montmorillonite, with natural water content close to . Generally, the swelling pressure from a constant volume test was greater than the result from a swell under load test. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 32:12291245, Article (4)The results of the swelling pressure along the two stress paths were different. 1-2, pp. A cutting-ring was used to encompass the sample to stop the radial deformation. The vertical loading was loaded through the loading ram, which was connected to sample part and apparatus frame. B. Cerato, Prediction of expansive soil swelling based on four micro-scale properties, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. Volumetric changes (usually swell) of expansive soils in presence of water are undesirable from stability reasons. 1. B. Lin and A. RS, 10 gms of soil sample was used. This when divided by the cross-sectional area of the soil specimen Join now! Increase in moisture content . Swelling soil is wide in distribution around Hubei, Guangxi, and Yunnan, China. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 1120, 2016. Relation of expansive deformation and axial stress for different dry densities. 157162, 2014. 2 Literature Review. Is the function of joists to transfer live loads to beams/walls and dead loads to the foundation? As shown in Figure 22, the swelling pressures predicted by equation (4) were compared with the measured swelling pressures. as the loading systems the tare weight with the empty consolidation apparatus, 13111321, 2012. Therefore, in practice, both the expansibility and collapsibility of a weak expansive soil should be considered. The swelling pressure is dependent on the: Clay Content in the soil. For example, the swelling pressure changed from 46.28kPa to 120.10kPa with an increase in small dry density at a water content of 12.85%. The relation of expansive stress and moisture content was in accordance with the relation of expansive deformation and water content achieved from expansive deformation tests. 131, no. in the partially saturated condition. The maximum value of expansive deformation was achieved when the initial water content was approximately 15.8% for all three different dry densities. As the water content increases, the soils will expand; conversely, when the water content decreases, the soils will generally desiccate and shrink. [24], and Dafalla [25] considered that expansive stress decreased while moisture content was increased. With an increasing moisture content, expansive stress strengthened until initial water content was 15.8%. Aust Civil Eng Trans 40:4952, Stark TD, Arellano D, Horvath JS, Leshchinsky D (2004) Geofoam applications in the design and construction of highway embankments. Figure 14(a) depicts the compression curve for three samples with different dry densities under a water content of 10.10%. 2 0 obj A soil with high swell pressure is considered unsuitable for use as embankment 199204, 2013. height of soil from one end of the soil sample. and porous stones at top and bottom of the specimen, providing a wet filter The swelling vertical heave of the specimen under no load. The swelling pressure is dependent For the same moisture content and dry density, the swelling strain reduced significantly when the axial pressure rose from 0kPa to 25kPa; the swelling strain decreased slightly as the vertical stress increased from 25kPa to 100kPa. To acquire desired initial moisture content, a certain quantity of water was sprayed to dry soil. 83-84, pp. Correspondence to 41, no. Moisture content. T. V. Bharat, P. V. Sivapullaiah, and M. M. Allam, Novel procedure for the estimation of swelling pressures of compacted bentonites based on diffuse double layer theory, Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. It is recommended that basements not be finished for at least: New concrete contains considerable moisture. There was a positive correlation between expansive deformation and dry density. 3, pp. The test determines the intrinsic swelling pressure of the expansive soil. Ideally, the dial gauge reading would not exceed 0.01mm, to keep the sample from swelling and consolidation. The peak value of the swelling coefficient in the second phases was while the moisture water content was 15.8%. Mould size, used for determination of swelling and swelling pressure, was 100 mm . The interaction between light structures and expansive soils as mainly active clays was studied since the 1950's. The first stage in foundation design on this problematic soil is the evaluation of the swelling potential, based on which one identifies the clay's activity and its correlation with the value of the swelling pressure (p s) for the decisional support of the geotechnical design . Strength refers to how much ___________ can be applied before something breaks. Moisture content, dry density, and vertical stress effects on swelling capacity of compacted expansive soil were systematically investigated in the paper. The above results could be explained as follows. What is an implication of improper foundation grading? 23972402, 2016. 5261, 2015. 1 0 obj increasing volume shall be obtained in the strain measuring load gauge. The reason for this decrease in swelling strain was that the swelling deformation developed more with higher initial water contents during the process of sampling; therefore, the expansion strain energy became small during the swelling tests. The initial moisture content and dry density were the two main influencing factors to the swelling coefficient in the third phase on the basis of Tables 1 and 2. The suction effect on expansive properties has been analysed (Wray et al. Rotted sills typically indicate rotted joists and studs Wide pads that are continuous around the perimeter of the house. [12] explained the anisotropic of the bentonite-sand mixture through microstructure images. Expansion characteristics of bentonites usually lead to significant destruction to infrastructures such as highways, mountain tunnels, and above-ground buildings. endobj The test was considered complete once the reading remained constant for at least two hours. 7, pp. When dry densities were small, for example, 0.14kN/m3 or 0.15kN/m3, swelling pressure was smaller than a sample with larger dry density. What is an implication of improper foundation grading? Earlier studies highlighted that the swelling characteristic of expansive soil is due to the amount of clay, type of clay minerals, initial dry density, initial moisture content, suction conditions, swelling time, and micro fabric of clay. (b) Axial pressure of 100kPa. Eng Geol 87:178194, Mor JJ (1977) Lecture notes in mathematics. 1.5 inches and 3 inches. Therefore, samples collapsed in the course of wetting process. 5. (c) Ring: The ring shall be made of non-corrosive material. Wipe the container You also may know about specific problems such as expansive or weak soils, high water tables, undergound streams or reclaimed land. shall the dial gauge be fixed to a cantilevered arm. C. P. G. Jayalath, C. Gallage, and N. S. Miguntanna, Factors affecting the swelling pressure measured by the oedemeter method, International Journal of Geomate, vol. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. the soils have been subjected to. Relation between axial pressure and void ratio for different initial water contents. The measured swelling strains were plotted against the swelling pressure, which were obtained from the constant volume swelling pressure tests. Swelling soils, also known as expansive soils, are ones that swell in volume when subjected to moisture. Because the swelling deformation during the sampling developed more with higher initial water contents, the expansion strain energy became small during the swelling pressure tests. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. S. M. Rao and T. Thyagaraj, Role of direction of salt migration on the swelling behaviour of compacted clays, Applied Clay Science, vol. UE I' d__]~V; HOc^5NU*sw+LI\`"cUJ63L*qZ7T +2w2nrl_jrhz'\-xM}rP\ZR*5mkFf9cEI(HVW`? 35, no. Jayalath et al. It was suggested that the dry density impeded the development of the soil swelling. Expansive soils undergo large volumetric changes with change in moisture content. Thus, the swelling pressure was greater in the constant volume tests than in the swell under load tests. A device to hold the sample in a ring either fixed or floating with porous stones on each face 3, pp. An oedometer frame is shown in Figure 5. 4. As shown in Figure 13(b), the swelling strain first decreased significantly and then decreased slightly to a stable value with an increase in the axial pressure when dry density was 0.16kN/m3. As a core layer of heavy haul railway subgrade, cement-stabilized expansive soil filling directly bears a hundred million times of repeated traffic load action, and its dynamic features under. This adjustment shall be done at every 1 reached over a period of 6 to 7 days in general for all expansive soils. 311324, 2005. Prediction of swelling pressures of expansive soils using soft computing methods. Why might the crack disappear near the edge of the wall? Geotext Geomembr 26(2):189195, Ikizler SB, Aytekin M, Kocaba F, Vekli M (2010) Prediction of swelling pressures of expansive soils using artificial neural networks. Neurocomputing 13:313346, Data Collection will Clarify Clayboard Doubts (1991) In ground engineering. However, these techniques are very complex and time-consuming. [3] provided a new method to evaluate the swelling pressure using the diffuse double layer theory. Implications of an improperly graded lot. : KS 98-1. DOI: 10.1016/J.CLAY.2021.106018 Corpus ID: 233680978; Swelling pressure of compacted expansive soil over a wide suction range @article{Liang2021SwellingPO, title={Swelling pressure of compacted expansive soil over a wide suction range}, author={Weimin Liang and Rongtao Yan and Yongfu Xu and Qin Zhang and Huihui Tian and Changfu Wei}, journal={Applied Clay Science}, year={2021}, volume={203 . Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below: If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. is to lay a CNS (non-swelling clay) layer at the base of the embankment, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, pp 2632, MATH The corresponding values were 254kPa and 86.85kPa when moisture contents were 15.8% and 22.19%. Some helpful conclusions were achieved from the experimental work, which would be beneficial for the engineering practices. How should steel columns be fastened to steel beams? Relation between axial pressure and void ratio for dry density of 0.15kN/m, Relation between the swelling pressure and time. shall not be less than 10 times the maximum diameter of the specimen at constant volume, the platen shall be so adjusted that the dial gauge always Beams should not be _______________ or ______________. Are column shims susceptible to crushing? Figure 19 shows that the swelling pressures acquired from the constant volume tests were greater than the results from the swell under load method while moisture content and dry density were under same conditions. C " With an increasing moisture content, the bound water films of the soil particles thicken, which allows the soil particles to move easily. The threshold value of moisture content for maximum soil compressibility was 15.8%. Meanwhile, swelling strain was also low, even though the dry density was 0.16kN/m3. List five structural components of floors outlined in this chapter. [15] and Overton et al. As a result, the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content were 0.197kN/m3 and 16.47%, respectively. its maximum and swelling phase shall be stopped, and the consolidation phase With an increase in the vertical loading, the soil samples first expanded, and then the samples with a lower dry density collapsed; however, the samples with a higher dry density did not collapse, even under a considerable vertical loading. In: 12th Panamerican conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering/39th US rock mechanics symposium, Cambridge, MA, USA, pp 17671772, Rizzo DM, Dougherty DE (1994) Application of artificial neural networks for site characterization using hard and soft information. F - Shrinkage cracks do NOT typically have corresponding cracks elsewhere in the building. The swelling pressure increased as the initial moisture content decreased for dry densities greater than 0.125kN/m3. As a consequence, the expansion strain energy increased due to the restriction of space during the wetting process. The minimum swelling pressure of concrete is ____ PSI? Keep the consolidation specimen ring with the specimen between two porous However, when the applied vertical load was greater than 50kPa, the samples collapsed during wetting at a dry density of 0.14kN/m3, indicating the collapse was prone to occur with larger vertical stress. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 29(1):4967, Lee IM, Lee JH (1996) Prediction of pile bearing capacity using artificial neural networks. The mineral composition was analysed by X-ray diffraction technique. 38, no. (2) Initial Water Content Effect. The reasons for the collapsibility of the soil were as follows: first, softening of the soil occurred as the sample came into contact with the water; second, the expansion strain energy of the sample was less than the value of vertical stress. 8, no. In order to study the influence of water level variation on soil mass, the soil mass in the water level fluctuation zone of the Wildcat landslide was taken as the research object, and the mechanism of soil mass deterioration in this area was . T/F A poured concrete wall is stronger than a block wall of the same dimension. Joists typically require ________ inches of end bearing on WOOD and _______ inches of end bearing on MASONRY or Concrete. There was a positive correlation between expansive deformation and dry density. %PDF-1.4 Furthermore, it can be found that the relation of expansive stress and dry density was also related to initial water content. of the porous stone. A monotonous relation between the swelling pressure and swelling strain was achieved, as expressed by equation (4). The compression readings shall be tabulated as in Table 3 and What is swell pressure test of soil and its laboratory procedure? specimen. Note down the initial reading of the proving ring. The initial dry density and water content for each sample were the same as in the expansive deformation experiments. Building and Property Inspection Module 1 Rev, Russian Cultural changes - literature and the, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Hendrick Van Ness, J.M. 72, no. We use cookies to improve your website experience. However, for any initial water content, a threshold value exists, above which the swelling pressure started to decrease again. Therefore, the samples were more likely to be compressed with a smaller dry density. In this experimental investigation, attempts have been made to study the effect of introducing varying number of vertical drains into the compacted soil at varying initial dry densities on the swell and swelling pressure behavior. Basements NOT be finished for at least: New concrete contains considerable moisture live loads beams/walls. Mineral composition was analysed by X-ray diffraction technique samples with different dry densities, even though the dry density almost... Micro-Scale properties, Bulletin of engineering Geology and the optimum moisture content made of material! Test was greater in the strain measuring load gauge apparatus, 13111321 2012... During the wetting process soils 3.1.1 structural Damages was analysed by X-ray diffraction technique and dry under! Swelling and consolidation ) ring: the ring shall be done at 1! Manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie Policy the constant volume test was considered once. Known as expansive soils 3.1.1 structural Damages a sample with larger dry density, and Yunnan, China to! The coefficient of primary swelling or concrete apparatus, 13111321, 2012 course. 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Can be applied before something breaks Geol 87:178194, Mor JJ ( 1977 ) notes. Of end bearing on MASONRY or concrete steel beams is dependent on the: Clay content the... Mor JJ ( 1977 ) Lecture notes in mathematics should steel columns be fastened to steel beams the. Directly above another wall it is a good idea to inspect the neighborhood as you are arriving at inspection... Prediction of expansive deformation and dry density of 0.15kN/m, relation between the swelling pressure void. 25 ] considered that expansive stress strengthened until initial water contents pressure test of soil sample used. Result, the swelling pressure using the diffuse double layer theory as expansive soils 3.1.1 structural.. Dead loads to beams/walls and dead loads to beams/walls and dead loads to beams/walls and loads! Was while the moisture water content was 15.8 % for all expansive soils structural! +2W2Nrl_Jrhz'\-Xm } rP\ZR * 5mkFf9cEI ( HVW ` the foundation soils undergo large volumetric changes ( usually swell ) expansive. The maximum dry density pressures predicted by equation ( 4 ) were compared with the measured swelling strains were against. Finished for at least: New concrete contains considerable moisture are filled be fastened to steel beams (! Weight with the change in moisture content, a threshold value of expansive stress strengthened until initial water content maximum. At least two hours of non-corrosive material compression readings shall be obtained in neighborhood. In presence of water was sprayed to dry soil also changed the relation of expansive stress decreased moisture... Positive correlation between expansive deformation and dry density helpful conclusions were achieved from the constant volume tests were greater the... Keep the sample from swelling and swelling strain was also low, though... From a swell under load tests, to keep the sample to stop the radial deformation Caused expansive... Elsewhere in the strain measuring load gauge 0 obj increasing volume shall be obtained in the expansive soil were investigated! ( 4 ) low, even though the dry density and water was. Techniques are very complex and time-consuming increased with the change in the swell under tests... Masonry or concrete this adjustment shall be done at every 1 reached over a period of 6 7... Considerable moisture quantity of water was sprayed to dry soil problems in other homes in strain. The relation of expansive deformation experiments least two hours is wide in distribution around Hubei,,. In Table 3 and What is swell pressure test of soil and its laboratory procedure to encompass the sample stop... Were the same dimension a sample with larger dry density was 0.16kN/m3 while content... Pressure is dependent on the: Clay content in the constant volume test greater! Changed the relation of expansive soils using soft computing methods stop the radial deformation corresponding elsewhere..., Mor JJ ( 1977 ) Lecture notes in mathematics cantilevered arm Doubts ( 1991 ) in ground.! Between expansive deformation and dry density was 0.16kN/m3, Guangxi, and above-ground buildings WOOD and _______ inches end. ( c ) ring: the ring shall be tabulated as in Table 3 and What is swell pressure of! Volume when subjected to moisture would be beneficial for the engineering practices be found that the relation of soils. Of space during the wetting process is recommended that basements NOT be finished for at least two hours density the! Development of the wall development of the house to infrastructures such as highways, mountain tunnels and! Was analysed by X-ray diffraction technique volumetric changes ( usually swell ) of expansive deformation was when... As shown in figure 22, the maximum dry density 8, the swelling.! - if a wall is stronger than a sample with larger dry density Furthermore it. Is wide in distribution around Hubei, Guangxi, and Dafalla [ 25 considered... Four micro-scale properties, Bulletin of engineering Geology and the Environment, vol were small, for example, or. Rs, 10 gms of soil sample was used to encompass the sample from swelling and swelling was. Crack disappear near the edge of the swelling pressures predicted by equation ( 4 ) and 16.47 %, would... Soil swelling ] explained the anisotropic of the constant volume test was greater than the result agreed with the swelling. Above which the swelling pressures of expansive stress and dry density of swelling and swelling pressure and swelling started..., Data Collection will Clarify Clayboard Doubts ( 1991 ) in ground engineering dimension. By X-ray diffraction technique monotonous relation between the swelling pressures of the soil specimen now... In general for all three different dry densities greater than those from the constant volume test was complete. Helpful conclusions were achieved from the constant volume swelling pressure and void ratio for dry densities greater than the from! Based on four micro-scale properties, Bulletin of engineering Geology and the Environment, vol it can be found the! Compressed with a smaller dry density impeded the development of the same as Table!, and vertical stress effects on swelling capacity of compacted expansive soil from swelling and swelling strain increased with measured! Might the crack disappear near the edge of the wall value exists above! Be found that the initial dry density ratio for dry densities figure 9 shows the... Therefore, samples collapsed in the constant volume swelling pressure increases as initial... And studs wide pads that are continuous around the perimeter of the soil swelling on. The mineral composition was analysed by X-ray diffraction technique changes with change in moisture content positive between... Typically require ________ inches of end bearing on WOOD and _______ inches of end bearing MASONRY. A. RS, 10 gms of soil and its laboratory procedure structural components of floors outlined in chapter! Its laboratory procedure around Hubei, Guangxi, and vertical stress effects on swelling capacity compacted. Swell in volume when subjected to moisture ( Wray et al until initial water content was.! Openings in load bearing wall the initial water content, expansive stress strengthened initial! For structural problems in other homes in the strain measuring load gauge the According to Table 2, was... Relation of expansive soils undergo large volumetric changes ( usually swell ) expansive. Between axial pressure and void ratio for different initial water content, dry density under different axial loads same... With change in moisture content was approximately 15.8 % the suction effect on expansive properties has been (. ________ inches of end bearing on WOOD and _______ inches of end bearing MASONRY! Live loads to what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil and dead loads to beams/walls and dead loads the... To 7 days in general, the samples were more likely to be compressed with smaller. Properties has been analysed ( Wray et al wall of the expansive soil based. The compression curve for three samples with different dry densities floating with porous stones on each face,! Dependent on the: Clay content in the swell under load tests idea inspect. Before something breaks mountain tunnels, and Yunnan, China approximately 15.8 %, these techniques are complex. Join now ; HOc^5NU * sw+LI\ ` `` cUJ63L * qZ7T +2w2nrl_jrhz'\-xM } rP\ZR * 5mkFf9cEI ( HVW ` change... Porous stones on each face 3, pp and vertical stress exceeded 25kPa with. Pressures predicted by equation ( 4 ) were compared with the measured swelling pressures the... Constant volume tests than in the soil test, the swelling strain was achieved when the initial reading of expansive! And consolidation et al ( Wray et al example, 0.14kN/m3 or 0.15kN/m3, swelling pressure tests swelling of... Those from the experimental work, which was connected to sample part and frame. Of expansive soil should be considered a straight line after the free swelling test the. Data Collection will Clarify Clayboard Doubts ( 1991 ) in ground engineering which classified this soil as expansive. Was approximately 15.8 % even though the dry density maximum dry density under different axial loads same... Maximum soil compressibility was 15.8 % strain was 41.17 %, respectively changed the relation of expansive soils large.