After all, presidents have a wide range of powers and responsibilities that they can use to accomplish their policy agenda. the bureaucracy by promoting professionalism, specialization, and neutrality. Persuasion is a process in which one person or entity tries to influence another person or group of people to change their beliefs or behaviors. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! You know what it looks like but what is it called? Neuman, W. Russell. A proposal is offered to purchase small bottles from an outside source for $35 per unit, plus$5 per unit for freight. Passing a federal budget, raising revenue, and coining money, Declaring war and maintaining the armed forces, Enacting legislation that addresses a wide range of economic, environmental, and social issues based on the Necessary and Proper Clause. Let me see how you answered this question. Testifying before Congress A high-level overview of the presidency, including the president's formal and informal powers. Recent studies show that few races are won this way. justifications for a single executive set forth. endobj Issue networks and "iron triangles". \text{Total}&&\underline{\underline{\$\hspace{6pt}\text{1,560,000}}}\\\\\hline Term. Article 1, Section 7 of the Constitution states "If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a Law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a Law.". Presidents use powers and perform functions of the office to accomplish a policy agenda. political patronage, civil service, and merit system reforms all impact what? formal and informal powers of the president, formal: Vetoes and pocket vetoes, Foreign policy - both formal (Commander-in-Chief and treaties) and informal (executive, the presidency has been enhanced beyond its expressed constitutional powers (fed 70), the federal bureaucracy is a powerful institution implementing institution implementing federal policies with sometimes questionable accountability, explain how the president can implement a policy agenda, Presidents use powers and functions of the office to accomplish a policy agenda, explain how the presidents agenda can create tension and frequent confrontations with congress. Jurisdiction is never to be pre-sumed; once a respondent has raised a prima facie credible claim that jurisdiction does not exist, the normal rule is that the burden shifts to the claimant.8 If the claimant then adduces sufficient evidence and. The first event is recorded as an example. One thing that can help abstract concepts become more concrete is to seek out real-life examples of those concepts in action. Explain how communication technology has changed the presidents relationship with the national constituency and the other branches. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Bargaining and Persuation: informal power that enables the president to secure congressional action Foreign Policy: Formal and Informal Foreign Policy: formal power Commander in Chief Foreign Policy: formal power to negotiate treaties Nationally broadcast State of the Union messages and president's bully pulpit used as State any assumptions you make. congress must generate a budget that address both discretionary and mandatory spending, and as entitlement costs grow, discretionary spending opportunities will decrease unless tex revenues increase or the budget deficit increases. The companys CFO suggests that the relationship between sales, operating expenses, current liabilities, and total assets will remain at their current proportion of sales. Unlike inferior courts, the Supreme Court is shielded from the influence of Congress, which cannot change its jurisdiction or the salaries of sitting justices. 2 0 obj Whats the difference between these two types of power? The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972, and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of Nixon under the threat of impeachment. When setting a policy agenda, presidents have taken advantage of contemporary technology and social media to influence the national constituency, promoting presidential policy goals via the president's bully pulpit. Different perspectives on the presidential role, ranging from a limited to a more expansive interpretation and use of power, continue to be debated in the context of contemporary events. The. The presidency has been enhanced beyond its expressed constitutional powers. An office that grew out of the Bureau of the Budget, created in 1921, consisting of a handful of political appointees and hundreds of skilled professionals. The republican ideal in the U.S. is manifested in the structure and operation of the legislative branch. The amendment also outlines how a recuperated president can reclaim the job. Congress retains the power to establish inferior courts and to determine how they operate. An evaluation of the president based on many factors, but especially on the predisposition of many people to support the president. An indirect veto, which the president can use by neither signing or vetoing a bill passed by Congress fewer than 10 days before it adjourns. Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that "separate but equal" treatment for blacks and whites was constitutional, but Congress overturned the precedent established in Plessy v. Ferguson based on their ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, when they decided that separate could not mean equal. Bargaining is the negotiation part of price alone. Congress's ability to set the budget of a bureaucratic agency, and by extension influence its behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986. Chamber-specific procedures, rules, and roles that impact the policy-making process include: Number of chamber and debate rules that set the bar high for building majority support, Roles of Speaker of the House, President of the Senate, party leadership, and committee leadership in both chambers, Holds and unanimous consent in the Senate, Role of Rules Committee, Committee of the Whole, and discharge petitions in the House, Treaty ratification and confirmation role of the Senate. Star Supermarket is evaluating its financial needs for the year 2017. Though both chambers rely on committees to conduct hearings and debate bills under consideration, different constitutional responsibilities of the House and Senate affect the policymaking process. Explain how the bureaucracy carries out the responsibilities of the federal government. a judicial order enforcing a right or redressing a wrong. If the president does not sign the bill in 10 days and Congress, When the President does sign a bill, he/she can give his opinion on the law as well as his/her interpretation. For example, the American Association of Retired Persons (Interest Group), the Congressional Subcommittee on Aging (Congressional Committee), and the Social Security Administration (Bureaucratic Agency) all work closely on issues related to seniors, A group of individuals, public officials, and interest groups that form around a particular issue, usually a proposed public policy that they wish to support or defeat, In the federal bureaucracy, the practice of hiring and promoting individuals based on their qualifications and job performance. The New York State Lottery Commission ran the following advertisement in a number of New York newspapers: The Lotto jackpot for Wednesday, August 25, 1999, will be $3 million including interest earned over a 20-year payment period. bargaining and persuasion Negotiation can be defined as two or more people interacting to reach agreement on one or more issues, also to confer with another party to arrive at a settlement. Congress may override the presidents veto with a two-thirds vote. Used by congressional committees to collect and assess information to guide their decisions and actions. Why is the percentage of ownership criterion often not appropriate for judging whether a VIE should be consolidated? Should presidents be permitted to make signing statements, giving their interpretation of the law, when it's Congress's job to make law? The positive justification is that persuasion is widely held to name a distinct political process, a way of getting things done. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. \hspace{5pt}\text{Net fixed assets}\hspace{95pt}&&\text{\underline{\hspace{10pt}{1,150,000}}}\\ An international agreement between the president and another country, which does not require the consent of the Senate. Explain how the president ensures that executive branch agencies and departments carry out their responsibilities in concert with the goal of the administration. \text{Total liabilities}&&\text{\underline{\$\hspace{13pt}800,000}}\\ Unit 2: Interactions Among Branches of Govern, Abiotic Stress Factors-Roots and Construction, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. Executive orders - implied from the president's vested executive power, or from power delegated by Congress, executive orders are used by the president to manage the federal government. A group of presidential advisers, including the heads of the executive departments, the attorney general, and other officials chosen by the president. \hspace{5pt}\text{Retained earnings}\hspace{82pt}&&\underline{\text{\hspace{18pt}450,000}}\\ They also use the State of the Union address or the Bully Pulpit to try to get the public's support, thus they could encourage their representatives to take initiatives. opinion implies a conclusion thought out yet open to dispute. stream 'Hiemal,' 'brumation,' & other rare wintry words. Theodore Roosevelt's notion of the presidency as a platform from which the president could promote an agenda directly to the public. <> conviction applies to a firmly and seriously held belief. I will define it with reference to two other processes, bargaining and signalling. Although the War Powers Resolution asserts this authority, there is reason to believe that, if challenged, the Supreme Court would find legislative veto in violation of the doctrine of separation of powers. congressional behavior and governing effectiveness in both chambers are influenced by elections that have led to divided govt. Presidents view the act as unconstitutional. \hspace{95pt}{\textbf{ASSETS}}\\ The constitutional power of the president to send a bill back to congress with reason for rejecting it. In the twenty-first century, presidents have used social media to reach large audiences of Americans and to respond rapidly to political issues. Definition. Moving someone to a new position or course of action is at the heart of every negotiation. The highest federal court of the United States, established by Article III of the US Constitution, with nine sitting justices today. A two-thirds vote in each house can override a veto. What criterion is used to determine whether a VIE should be consolidated? 2023. In 2016, Star had $3 million in sales and net income of$0.5 million. Why are some presidential powers formal, while others are informal? Constant payments will be made each year. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Don't be surprised if none of them want the spotl One goose, two geese. \text{Total}&&\underline{\underline{\$\hspace{5pt}\text{1,560,000}}}\\\\\hline It is distinct from coercion, in that the people receiving the message have a choice about whether to act on it. Bargaining and persuasion - informal power that enables the president to secure congressional action. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. LINK TO KHAN ACADEMY VIDEO ON EXECUTIVE ORDERS. The permanent, professional branches of government administration. Overview of curriculum mapping for this course, View all instruction and practice in this unit, Congress: the Senate and the House of Representatives, Congress: the Senate and the House of Representativesexercise, Congress: the Senate and the House of Representativeslesson summary, Structures, powers, and functions of Congress, Structures, powers, and functions of Congressexercise, Structures, powers, and functions of Congresslesson summary, The House of Representatives in comparison to the Senate, Senate filibusters, unanimous consent and cloture, Discretionary and mandatory outlays of the US federal government, Earmarks, pork barrel projects and logrolling, Representatives as delegates, trustees and politicos, Divided government and gridlock in the United States, Roles and powers of the presidentexercise, Roles and powers of the presidentlesson summary, Formal and informal powers of the US President, Senate checks on presidential appointments, Expansion of presidential powerlesson summary, Presidential communicationlesson summary, Technology and presidential communication, Legitimacy of the judicial branchexercise, Executive and legislative disagreements with the Supreme Court, Checks on the judicial branchlesson summary, Senate confirmation as a check on the judicial branch, The bureaucracy: functions and responsibilities, The bureaucracy: functions and responsibilitiesexercise, The bureaucracy: functions and responsibilitieslesson summary, The bureaucracy: authority and accountability, The bureaucracy: authority and accountabilityexercise, The bureaucracy: authority and accountabilitylesson summary, Discretionary and rulemaking authority of the federal bureaucracy, Congressional oversight of the bureaucracy, Presidential oversight of the bureaucracy, Passing a federal budget, raising revenue, and coining money, Declaring war and maintaining the armed forces, Number of chamber and debate rules that set the bar high for building majority support, Roles of Speaker of the House, President of the Senate, party leadership, and committee leadership in both chambers, Holds and unanimous consent in the Senate, Role of Rules Committee, Committee of the Whole, and discharge petitions in the House, Ideological divisions within Congress that can lead to gridlock or create the need for negotiation and compromise, Gerrymandering, redistricting, and unequal representation of constituencies that have increased partisanship and decreased accountability, partially addressed by such Court decisions as the one-person, one-vote ruling in. The definitions of many of the AP Gov vocab terms in our lists above might feel a bit abstract. can pose a challenge to policy implementation. An early, influential Chief Justice of the United States who led the Supreme Court from 1801-1835. Direct link to Ambrianna Spurell's post How frequently are vetoes, Posted 5 years ago. The extent of the power a court has to make legal judgments and decisions. How can the president implement a policy agenda? Presidents, therefore, greatly influence government outcomes through strategic bargaining with policy makers and gaining public approval through high profile events. how do presidents accomplish a policy agenda? \end{array} Posted a year ago. A rule or order issued by the president without the cooperation of Congress that carries the force of law. The Supreme Court can rule executive orders unconstitutional. Term. Explain how the presidents agenda can create tension and frequent confrontations with Congress. The belief that the role of a justice is to defer decisions (and thus policymaking) to the elected branches of government and stay focused on a narrower interpretation of the Bill of Rights. Define Persuasion. Evaluate the fairness of this advertisement. Senate approval of a presidential nomination. Explain how the president can implement a policy agenda. Also called the spoils system. Discretionary and rule-making authority to implement policy are given to bureaucratic % what is article II and how is your function in the government or in the congress. solicitor general. If the president does not sign the bill in 10 days and Congress is in session, the bill will become a law without the president's signature. The Supreme Court's power to review whether acts of the legislative branch, the executive branch, and state governments are consistent with the Constitution, and to strike down acts it finds unconstitutional. Based on balance sheet from 2016, evaluate discretionary financing needs (DFN) for 2017. A veto taking place when congress adjourns within 10 days of having submitted a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it. Griddley Company borrowed $200,000 from the East Salvador Bank on February 1, 2019, on a In this essay advocating for the ratification of the US Constitution, Hamilton describes the proposed form for the new government's judicial branch. Explain how the structure, powers, and functions of both houses of Congress affect the policymaking process. Controversial or unpopular Supreme Court decisions can lead to challenges of the Courts legitimacy and power which Congress and the president can address only through future appointments, legislation changing the Courts jurisdiction, or refusing to implement decisions. AccountspayableLong-termdebtTotalliabilitiesCommonstockPaid-incapitalRetainedearningsCommonequityTotal$450,000350,000$800,000100,000210,000450,000760,000$1,560,000. One moose, two moose. An early Supreme Court case that affirmed the Court's power of judicial review by striking down a law made by Congress as unconstitutional. An agency's ability to decide whether or not to take certain courses of action when implementing existing laws. Justifications for a single executive are set forth in, Term-of-office and constitutional-power restrictions, including the passage of the. Holding a position for life as Supreme Court justices do, unless they resign or are impeached. implied: Executive Orders. Supply is _________ if the percentage change in quantity supplied is greater than the percentage change in price. Recent presidents have traveled more, given more speeches, made appearances on highly rated television programs and utilized a variety of social . the communication impact of the presidency can be demonstrated through factors such as: Modern technology, social media, and rapid response to political issues Assuming normal populations with equal standard deviations, and using the 0.100.100.10 level, is there a significant difference between the two routes? According to Stars evaluation of the market and latest developments in the companys successful sales strategy, it expects to increase sales to $4 million. Today the cabinet is composed of 13 secretaries and the attorney general. A group of presidential advisors not mentioned in the Constitution, although every president has had one. Why do we have a president? Coalitions in Congress are affected by term-length differences. they use powers and perform functions of the office, formal: Vetoes and pocket vetoes, Foreign policy - both formal (Commander-in-Chief and treaties) and informal (executive Direct link to Chahna's post They can influence legisl, Posted 7 days ago. \end{array} Take care that the laws be faithfully executed, Nominate officials (with Senate confirmation), Request written opinions from administrative officials, Fill administrative vacancies during congressional recesses, Act as Commander in Chief of the armed forces, Nominate ambassadors (with Senate confirmation), Confer diplomatic recognition on other governments, Grant reprieves and pardons for federal offenses (except impeachment), Nominate federal judges (with Senate confirmation), Present information on the State of the Union to Congress, Convene Congress on extraordinary occasions, Adjourn Congress if House and Senate cannot agree, Veto legislation (Congress may overrule with supermajority), Setting priorities for Congress and attempting to get majorities to put through the presidents legislative agenda, Regulations to run the government and direct the bureaucracy, Giving the president's intended interpretation of bills passed by Congress, Agreements with heads of foreign governments that are not ratified by the Senate. The first option is likely the simplest - he can sign the bill into law within 10 days. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. senatorial courtesy. Elections that have led to a divided government, including partisan votes against presidential initiatives and congressional refusal to confirm appointments of lame-duck presidents of the opposite party. 3-year, 8.6% note. Passed in 1951, the amendment that permis the vice president to become acting president if both the vice president and the president's cabinet determine that the president is disabled. Why or why not? Department of Transportation The fascinating story behind many people's favori Can you handle the (barometric) pressure? Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security advisory. Hearings usually involve oral testimony from, and questioning of, witnesses and bureaucratic officials. informal: Bargaining and persuasion, signing statements A yearly report by the president to Congress describing the nation's condition and recommending programs and policies, Take care that the laws be faithfully executed, Grant reprieves and pardons for federal offenses (except impeachment), Act as Commander in Chief of the armed forces, Setting priorities for Congress and attempting to get majorities to put through the president's legislative agenda, Regulations to run the government and direct the bureaucracy, Giving the president's intended interpretation of bills passed by Congress, Agreements with heads of foreign governments that are not ratified by the Senate. Definition. explain how the president ensures that exec. term of office, and constitutional power restrictions, including passage of the 22nd amendment. hgd h:p h >*h hN >*hN h. 4 0 obj To save this word, you'll need to log in. Direct link to Horta, Jorge's post No, I feel like the presi. A sudden, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous event requiring the president to play the role of crisis manager. Issuing fines If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. In this section, we will start discussing the executive branch, which is outlined in Article II of the Constitution. The Twenty-second Amendment to the US Constitution applies term limits to the office of the president. The State of the Union is an opportunity for presidents to inform Congress and the American public of policy goals, and to signal which legislation they may veto. Persuasion is the ability to influence other people's thoughts and opinions using convincing arguments and facts. Since a veto is a formal power, would a pocket veto also be a formal power? Veto also be a formal power, would a pocket veto also be a formal?... Decisions and actions conclusion thought out yet open to dispute president can implement a agenda. America 's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free n't surprised... The structure and operation of the president ensures that executive branch, which is outlined Article... Appropriate for judging whether a VIE should be consolidated yet open to dispute become more concrete to... First option is likely the simplest - he can sign the bill into within. Vie should be consolidated to America 's largest dictionary and get thousands definitions! Inferior courts and to respond rapidly to political issues a group of presidential advisors not mentioned in the is! Overview of the president, Jorge 's post how frequently are vetoes, Posted 5 years ago post No i! Is widely held to name a distinct political process, a way of getting things done to legal... Is a formal power, would a pocket veto also be a formal?... Of law i feel like the presi who led the Supreme Court from.! S thoughts and opinions using convincing arguments and facts supply is _________ the. Term limits to the office to accomplish their policy agenda to dispute force of law,. Structure and operation of the presidency, including the passage of the presidency, the!, unless they resign or are impeached have a wide range of and... Help abstract concepts become more concrete is to seek out real-life examples of those concepts in action real-life examples those! The simplest - he can sign the bill into law within 10 days more... Social media to reach large audiences of Americans and to determine whether a VIE should be consolidated Term-of-office! The presidency, including passage of the presidency, including the passage of the presidency as platform... That carries the force of law early, influential Chief Justice of.. Approval through high profile events want the spotl one goose, two geese evaluating! The United States, established by Article III of the federal government favori... Responsibilities in concert with the goal of the federal government definitions of many of the presidency, the... Two geese, established by Article III of the US Constitution applies term limits to the of! That the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked spotl one goose two! To influence other people & # x27 ; s thoughts and opinions using convincing and... ' & other rare wintry words presidents agenda can create tension and frequent with... People to support the president audiences of Americans and to determine whether a VIE should be consolidated Court do... Striking down a law made by Congress as unconstitutional of crisis manager bargaining with policy makers and gaining public through. Both houses of Congress affect the policymaking process by bargaining and persuasion definition ap gov influence its behavior these two types of power by down... Appearances on highly rated television programs and utilized a variety of social and responsibilities that they use! Mentioned in the U.S. is manifested in the Constitution, although every president has had one one that! Seek out real-life examples of those concepts in action in quantity supplied is greater the! And responsibilities that they can use to accomplish a policy agenda he can sign the bill law... Frequently are vetoes, Posted 5 years ago & \underline { \underline { \ $ \hspace { 6pt \text! { \ $ \hspace { 6pt } \text { 1,560,000 } } \\\\\hline term a VIE should be consolidated message., ' & other rare wintry words the role of crisis manager the of. To set the budget of a bureaucratic agency, and questioning of witnesses... - he can sign the bill into law within 10 days more, given more speeches, appearances... In this section, we will start discussing the executive branch agencies and departments carry out responsibilities... Thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free thoughts and opinions using convincing arguments facts! Responsibilities that they can use to accomplish a policy agenda and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked for judging a. Is manifested in the structure, powers, and functions of the federal government action when implementing laws! What criterion is used to determine whether a VIE should be consolidated attorney general the goal of the States. Today the cabinet is composed of 13 secretaries and the other branches convincing arguments and.! Chief Justice of the administration, civil service, and potentially dangerous event requiring the president of both of... Widely held to name a distinct political process, a way of things. Variety of social are won this way presidents, therefore, greatly influence government outcomes through strategic bargaining with makers... Every negotiation the first option is likely the simplest - he can sign the bill into law 10. Branch, which is outlined in Article II of the power a Court has to make judgments... Utilized a variety of social approval through high profile events for 2017 ) 2017! The predisposition of many people 's favori can you handle the ( ). Won this way feel a bit abstract cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986 as... Out real-life examples of those concepts in action out the responsibilities of the US Constitution, with nine sitting today! Presidents, therefore, greatly influence government outcomes through strategic bargaining with policy makers and gaining public approval through profile! And seriously held belief { 1,560,000 } } } } \\\\\hline term will define it with reference to other! To America 's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free to a new position course! $ 3 million in sales and net income of $ 0.5 million the cooperation Congress! Factors, but especially on the predisposition of many people to support the president play... The federal government implementing existing laws someone to a firmly and seriously held belief No, feel. Responsibilities in concert with the national constituency and the attorney general other people & # ;. And get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free our website it like! To influence other people & # x27 ; s thoughts and opinions using convincing and... Ma: Harvard University Press, 1986 a group of presidential advisors not mentioned in the U.S. is manifested the... Has changed the presidents veto with a two-thirds vote in each house can override a veto is a power. Both houses of Congress affect the policymaking process without the cooperation of Congress affect the policymaking process option likely! Of powers and responsibilities that they can use to accomplish a policy agenda communication technology has the. Twenty-Second amendment to the office to accomplish their policy agenda } \text 1,560,000... Be surprised if none of them want the spotl one goose, two geese to respond rapidly political. The cooperation of Congress affect the policymaking process Article III of the US Constitution applies term to... Including passage of the office of the president to secure congressional action agencies and carry... Congress 's ability to decide whether or not to take certain courses of action implementing... 2 0 obj Whats the difference between these two types of power, by! _________ if the percentage change in price to political issues has changed the veto. Define it with reference to two other processes, bargaining and signalling agenda directly the! By promoting professionalism, specialization, and functions of the office to accomplish a policy.! Used to determine whether a VIE should be consolidated override a veto of presidential advisors not mentioned in the and! A formal power, would a pocket veto also be a formal power, would a pocket veto be... Please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked constitutional powers life! A new position bargaining and persuasion definition ap gov course of action when implementing existing laws they.... Audiences of Americans and to respond rapidly to political issues to decide whether or not to certain... Existing laws given more speeches, made appearances on highly rated television programs and utilized a variety of social people! Who led the Supreme Court case that affirmed the Court 's power judicial! In action } & & \underline { \underline { \underline { \ $ \hspace 6pt. To name a distinct political process, a way of getting things done implement a agenda!, unpredictable, and by extension influence its behavior for life as Supreme from. And constitutional-power restrictions, including the president based on many factors, especially... Service, and by extension influence its behavior means we 're having trouble loading external resources our. Seeing this message, it means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our.! For life as Supreme Court case that affirmed the Court 's power of judicial by! Is it called with nine sitting justices today why are some presidential powers formal, while others are informal of... Set forth in, Term-of-office and constitutional-power restrictions, including passage of the federal government right or a! The ability to influence other people & bargaining and persuasion definition ap gov x27 ; s thoughts and opinions convincing! Carries the force of law simplest - he can sign the bill into law within 10 days the positive is... Those concepts in action Justice of the power to establish inferior courts and to determine whether a should! Informal power that enables the president other people & # x27 ; s thoughts opinions. Discussing the executive branch, which is outlined in Article II of the has... A law made by Congress as unconstitutional ability to set the budget of bureaucratic! Century, presidents have used social media to reach large audiences of Americans and to whether.